Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs) have emerged as a prominent technology for wastewater treatment due to their excellent removal efficiencies and compact footprint. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely utilized in MBR systems owing to their possessing resistance to fouling, chemical durabil

Membrane bioreactors (MABR) are advanced technologies rapidly disrupting the landscape of wastewater treatment. Unlike conventional methods, MABR processes integrate a biological reactor with a membrane purification module, offering enhanced efficiency. This integrated approach delivers significant